41.Smith, Watts
& Watts: Records of Merchant Seamen p.xv.
Also Christopher T and Michael J Watts: My Ancestor was a Merchant Seaman
(London: The Society of Genealogists, 1986) p.13. For detailed background see Hurd: The Merchant Navy volume I pp.97-108
42.Smith, Watts
& Watts: Records of Merchant Seamen pp.16-17
43.Hurd: The
Merchant Navy volume I pp.100-104
44.Smith, Watts
& Watts: Records of Merchant Seamen pp.47-60 and pp.67-68
45.Duffy,
Fisher, Greenhill, Starkey & Youings: New
Maritime History of Devon p.146
46.Ibid.
pp.147-149. Also Bowen: Royal Naval Reserve chapter 3 for the detailed
arguments from the Admiralty and shipowners over paying for pre-sea training,
which was an additional complication regarding reserve forces.
47.Duffy,
Fisher, Greenhill, Starkey & Youings: New
Maritime History of Devon pp.145-148
48.Aled Eames,
Lewis Lloyd, Bryn Parry & M.K. Stammers (Editors): Cymru
A’r Mor/Maritime Wales
Number 15 (Caernarfon: Gwynedd Archives Service, 1992) pp.78-80; and Susan C. Passmore: Farmers and Figureheads - The Port of New Quay
and its Hinterland (Carmarthen: Dyfed County Council, 1992) p.77
There
is other, if scanty, evidence of more navigation schools around the New Quay
area. The mentioned one was in the village of Llangrannog.
There was definitely another in New Quay itself, one more above Aberaeron at Henfynyw and yet one
more in Aberaeron itself: the furthest distance
between being seven miles. (The one in New Quay is presently a ‘tea-shop’.)
49.From samples
of crew-lists and agreements it is evident that the Scottish system of parish
schools was significantly successful. A far higher percentage of Scottish
mariners could read and write than others within the U.K. This is particularly
evident in Liverpool based foreign-going vessels. For two examples JOHN MATTHIE
see TNA: PRO: BT 98/1692 (for voyages beginning 1847
and 1848), BT 98/1978 (for 1849), BT 98/2225 and BT 98/2639 (for 1850); and for
BALMORAL see BT 98/2816 (for 1852). This followed the voyages of one Scottish
able seaman, who subsequently deserted in Melbourne to go gold prospecting.
50.A large
number of these have been retained for posterity, this time at the National
Maritime Museum, Greenwich. These are filed by certificate number and I have
viewed approximately four hundred (of men from a handful of Welsh villages)
plus others. I would submit that viewing any block of certificates would bring
about similar conclusions. Some background of the circumstances in these Welsh
villages can be gleaned from Passmore: Farmers and
Figureheads pp.55-68.
51.This is a synopsis
from Brian Simon: The Two Nations and the Educational Structure 1780-1870
(London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1960)
52.This is
drawn from a whole raft of sources, only some of which are from published
works. An erudite appraisal of Britain’s failure in education can be found in Correlli Barnett: The Audit of War: The
Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation (London: Pan Books, 2001)
pp.201-233. See also Paul Thompson: The Edwardians: The
Remaking of British Society (London: Routledge,
1992) for many passing references.
53.Summers: GANGES
p.26
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